Nineteen durum wheat lines selected from preliminary yield trial along with Dehdasht as a control cultivar, were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replications at five regions in Iran including Gachsaran, Gonbad, Khoramabad, Moghan and Ilam during three cropping seasons of 2012-2015. Combined analysis of variance indicated significant effects of year, location, genotype and year × location, year × genptype and year × location × genotype interactions on durum wheat grain yield. Screet test indicated the first foure principal components had high contribution of geenotype × environmentinteractions (GEI), so that the PC1 and PC2 was explained 22. 0% and 18. 71% of GEI variation. Mosaic plot revealed that 11. 54% of total variation is illustrated by genotype and 88. 46% by GEI effects. Heatmap plot was also indicated G16, G19 and G20 had high grain yield in many of environments. The polygon view of biplot indicated G8, G7, G20 and G13 were as stable genotypes to the tested environments according to the closest distance to biplot origin, while G18, G15 and G11 was not adaptable to any of environments. The simultaneous studying of the effects of genotype (G) and genotype-environment interactions (G×E) by average tester coordinate (ATC) view of biplot illustrated that G2, G7, G1 and G20, in addition to high grain yield, are also more stable to the tested environments than the other genotypes, and can be proposed as stable genotypes. G1 and G2 are placed close to the ideal genotype, are most desirable than the other genotypes. The vector view of GGE biplot indicated discriminating and representative environments (E5 and E3) are good environments for selecting generally adapted genotypes. Consequently, G7, G8, G20 and G13 with strong stability and high grain yield can be used in selection/ recommendation process of cultivar.

The GGE (genotype main effect, G and genotype by environment interaction, GEI) biplot graphical tool was applied to analyze multi-environment trials (MET) data. In this study, eight improved and local rice genotypes including two rice cultivars as check were evaluated with the objective of selecting stable and high-yielding varieties by GGE biplot analysis. According to which-won-where pattern of GGE biplot the vertex genotypes were BC25, BC4, RI18446-13, Hassani, Abjiboji and RI18435-13. These genotypes were the best or the poorest genotypes in some or all of the test environments since they had the longest distance from the origin of the biplot. The performance of genotypes BC9, BC25, RI18436-46 and Saleh were highly stable and had the highest grain yield, while genotype BC4 was high yielding with intermediate stability. In addition, performance of genotype RI18446-13 was lowly stable with the high grain yield and genotype RI18435-13 was poor based on both stability and yield. But the performance of genotype Hassani was intermediate stable with low grain yield, while genotypes Abjiboji and RI18430-74 were highly stable with low yielding.Totally, the results of this research showed that BC4 line (derived from a backcross between Abjiboji cultivar as recurrent parent and Saleh cultivar as donor parent) with high grain yield (5.0-5.5 t.ha-1), suitable maturity time (110-115 days), intermediate amylose content (20-21 %) and desirable plant height (105-110 cm) was the superior genotype of this experiment which is recommended to cultivate in environmental conditions of the north provinces of Iran.

In order to and compare a group of genotypes and new cotton hybrids were selected through numerous experiments in term of qualital and quantital characteristics, This project conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two areas Hashemabad (non-stress) and Anbaralum (salinity stress) during two years 2013-2014. 38 genotypes were compared with two commercial cultivars of Golestan and Sepid (as control) were evaluated. The measured traits included: Seed cotton yield (1st and 2nd harvest), yield components (boll weight, boll number, length and number of sympodial branches), plant height and earliness (first to total yield ratio). The results of analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among the genotypes in the years and locations of experimental for the majority of studied traits at a level of 5% or 1%. The highest yield in non-stress condition was shown for Er26, Tj82, Tj135 and DB24 genotypes. But the ranking of treatments was different under stress conditions so that Tj174, Er34 and Tj135 genotypes produced the highest yield under stress conditions. In terms of tolerance index, Er26, Er29 and Tj82 genotypes were superior to other genotypes. Two components drawn in chart determined 94% of the variations by the GGE biplot software. Finally, Tj135, Er38 and Tj82 were selected and introduced as the best and most genotypes for salinity tolerance.

Background and Objectives Stem rust, or black rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, poses a severe threat to global food security, potentially devastating wheat crops on farms. The damage of this disease in the epidemic condition is 100% of the wheat crops. Frequent epidemics of stem rust have been reported in different regions of the world in the past years. The most effective method to control this disease is identifying and incorporating effective resistance genes from resistant cultivars into desirable wheat genotypes, for establishing durable genetic resistance. Materials and Methods To identify new sources of resistance, an experiment was conducted to investigate the resistance reactions of 30 wheat genotypes and a susceptible check (Morocco) against six Pgt races with distinct pathogenicity patterns (TKTTF, TTTF, TTRTF, PKRTF, PKSTF, and TKSTC). The experiment employed a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each race of Pgt was used separately to evaluate the genotypes. Results Phenotyping and analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant phenotypic diversity among wheat genotypes for the measured resistance components (infection type and latent period). Cluster analysis classified the wheat genotypes into three main groups: resistant, susceptible, and moderately resistant to moderately susceptible. Among the wheat genotypes studied, 11 genotypes (35%) exhibited susceptibility to all races, while four genotypes (G1, G2, G3, and G17) (13%) demonstrated resistance to all races. The remaining 16 genotypes (52%) showed moderately resistant to moderately susceptible (specific reaction) responses. The biplot analysis (GGE biplot) identified genotype G17 as the most resistant genotype with a uniform response to all races. Discussion Genotypes with varying degrees of resistance to Pgt races identified in this study can serve as new and sustainable sources of resistance for breeding wheat cultivars with a broad genetic basis of resistance. The use of more races and differential isogenic lines can make it possible to provide more specific conditions to identify the effective resistance genes in each genotype more accurately. Evaluating the resistance of the examined genotypes at the adult plant stage can also lead to the identification of resistance genes at the adult plant stage which are more important than the seedling stage resistance genes. The existence of resistance genes at adult plant stage is not far from expected even if the genotype is sensitive in the seedling stage. It is hoped that the correct, and planned use of effective resistance genes at the seedling stage and adult plant stage together will lead to the creation of new stable resistant varieties.

biplot related to the effects of genotype and genotype × environment is called GGE biplot. This method is used to assess the stability of genotypes. In this methodology, selection of sustainable varieties is based on genotype and genotype by environment interaction effects. In this research, the stability of 18 bread wheat genotypes was investigated in six environments (three years and two environmental conditions, irrigated and rainfed). The experiment was carried out in randomized complete block design with three replications under both conditions in experimental field of Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran, during three years (2010-2012 and 2014-2015). The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction effects were 75%, 5. 9% and 14. 9% of total variance, respectively. Pishtaz and WC-4530 genotypes were the nearest genotypes to ideal genotype. Due to the high correlation between E1 (rainfed condition, 2010-2011) and E2 (irrigated condition, 2010-2011) and among E5 (rainfed condition, 2014-2015), E3 (rainfed condition, 2011-2012) and E4 (irrigated condition, 2011-2012), these environments were identified as similar environments. Simultaneous evalution of stability and yield of the studied genotypes showed that WC-4530 is stable and high yielding genotype. View of polygon graph revealed five superior genotypes and three mega-environments, and the compatible genotypes were determined for each mega-environment. All experimental environments had good differentiation ability.

Because of increasing saline lands and decline the desirable agricultural lands for cultivation, the identification of salt-resistant medicinal plants is in high priority. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted to identify sustainable ecotypes of fennel at three levels of salinity stress in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran, during the years 2014-15. The experiment was performed as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with two factors. A) 10 ecotypes as: Sardasht, Saghez, Kerman, Tabriz, Sabzevar, Rum, Khousf, Bojnord, Mashhad and Shabesta and B) three salinity levels: 3, 6 and 9 ds/m of Nacl with three replications. The results showed that, the salinity levels of 3, 6, 9 ds/m explained 72. 0, 69. 1 and 65. 2% of the total variation using GT (Genotype × Trait) biplot, respectively. Similarly, for total of salinity stress GT-biplot explained 65. 2% of total variation. Using polygonal diagram of genotype × trait, in stress 3 ds/m, the highest variation explained by ascorbate peroxidase, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll, in stress 6 ds/m explained by superoxide dismutase, in stress 9 ds/m explained by chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and superoxide dismutase and in the total salinity stress levels explained by chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and superoxide dismutase, respectively. For all of stress levels, Tabriz ecotype for catalase, proline and malondialdehyde content, Mashhad ecotype for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and ascorbate peroxidase and Rum ecotype for superoxide dismutase were superior to other ecotypes, respectively. Based on all traits and in all environments, Mashhad ecotype was better and more stable than other ecotypes.

In order to achieve greater food security, potato has played a major role in human food chains and achieving maximum yield along with other desirable components can be evaluated by stability and adaptation of diverse genotypes in different regions of our country. In this study, stability and adaptation of new genotypes of potato were evaluated that comprise 10 new early and medium maturity genotypes (Anabella, Taurus, Carrera, Liseta, Volumia, Colomba, crisps4all, Innovator, Leonardo and Sylvana) plus one control of medium maturity genotypes (Sante) and then they were planted in three different regions (Mashhad, Hamedan and Zanjan). All experiments were done in RCBD with three replications in two years (2016-2017). Moreover, they were planted in the fields of private section. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results of early-medium maturity genotypes were investigated in different locations, genotype and genotype in year were significant for every single trait. The effects of year, location in year, and genotype in location were revealed by the results of combined analysis that only showed significant difference for traits of total tube yield, marketable tuber yield, and tuber seed number in plant. Among the medium and early maturity genotypes, the Liseta, Leonardo, Sylvana, Colomba and Carrera genotypes according to high tuber yield (4. 66 to 5. 03 kg. m ) are introduced but Colomba, Liseta, and Carrera genotypes (5. 03, 4. 90 and 4. 74 kg. m-2 ) with highest tuber yield and Anabella genotype with 4. 25 kg. m-2 yield had highest adaptation for Zanjan and Mashhad regions respectively and also Sante genotype with 4. 53 kg. m-2 yield for Hamedan. The Crisp4all, Innovator, and Taurus genotypes with the aim of consuming in the industrial sector (Chips and French fries) are introduced in particular with respect to high dry matter percentage (23. 88, 21. 91 and 21. 24 % respectively).

Evaluation of sesame yield stability using statistical parameters and GGE biplot graphical methods Background and objectives: Sesame is a short-day plant and sensitive to heat and moisture stresses and the yield show a wide variation as the environmental factor change in growing seasons. Therefore a commercially successful cultivar must perform well in a wide range of agricultural and climatic conditions. Plant breeders focus on estimating the interaction of genotypes and environment through repeated experiments to introduce stable cultivars able to perform better in changing environments. This study follows the same strategies to introduce sesame cultivars Materials and methods: In order to identify high yielding and stable sesame genotypes suitable different regions of Iran, a total of 36 native sesame populations (obtained from National Gene Bank of Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Iran) were cultivated in three regions (Karaj, Moghan and Jiroft) in a randomized complete block design for two years (2016-2017). Each genotype was planted in a plot with three rows of 1. 5 m long. The distance between rows was 60 cm and seeds were planted with 8-7 cm intra-spacing. At the end of the growing period following the physiological, seeds were harvested and the yield of each genotype was calculated. Simple and combined analysis of variance were performed on data then the univariate statistics methods including regression coefficient, deviation from regression parameter, Shukla’ s stability variance, and Wricke’ s ecovalence were used to evaluate the grain yield stability of the genotypes. Finally, GGE biplot analysis was used to understand the interaction between genotype and the environment. Results: The results of combined analysis indicated that the effect of location, year, genotype and genotype-location interaction were significant for grain yield. The results also showed that the grain yield was significantly affected by environmental factors. Based on all stability parameters and biplot analysis, genotype no. 10 had higher yield, lower Wricke’ s ecovalence and Shukla’ s stability variance value. Furthermore regression coefficient was equivalent to one and deviation from regression was the least. Accordingly this genotype was selected as the most stable genotypes. This result was also reconfirmed by GGE biplot analysis. Other stable and high yielding genotypes include 11, 9, 8 and 7. Conclusion: Genotype 10 is a land race genotype from Haji Abad region of Hormozgan province and showed less fluctuations in tested environments, and in terms of the average yield, it is the most stable genotype compared to the others. So based on the findings from this study this genotype could be suGGEsted to cultivate in future breeding programs.

To evaluate the interaction of genotypes in the environment (GEI) and promising clones, 60 potato genotypes were used during the growing seasons of 2018-2019. To identify the best potato genotypes in response to water deficit, GGE biplot and AMMI models were performed under two treatments (water deficit and normal conditions) with two commercial cultivars Agria and Sante. The experiment was performed in eight environments (2 treatments, 2 locations, and 2 years) using a randomized complete block design with three replications. AMMI and GGE biplot analysis showed that the G21 clone was more different than other genotypes for selecting the superior genotype. The yield of the tuber of promising clones G21 (90227), G31 (8708.177), G44 (KSG95), G28 (8707/861), and G18 (90127) was higher in all environments. The best-proposed genotypes for introduction are based on their greater stability for the target environment or parallel environments. In this study, using AMMI and GGE biplot analysis, superior genotypes were identified and selected.

The phenomenon of genotype × environment interaction has important implications for selection of superior genotypes which remains as one of the main goals of crop breeding programs. To investigate the seed yield stability of promising spring rapeseed lines in four field stations in southern warm and dry and northern warm and humid agro-climatic zones of Iran. Sixteen open pollinated spring promising rapeseed lines were sown in randomized complete block design with three replications in two cropping cycles (2015-16 and 2016-17). Combined analysis of variance revealed that the effect of environment on seed yield was significant (P < 0. 01). Genotype × environment interaction effect was also significant (P < 0. 01) on seed yield. GGE biplot analysis identified four mega-environments; Gorgan (Line G8), Sari (Line G4), Sari-Zabol (Line G13) and Zabol (Line G7). Lines G4 (Asa), G8 (Roshana) and G13 (Aram) with average seed yield of 2714, 3349 and 3817 kg ha-1, respectively, had higher seed yield and yield stability. Line G4 had the highest seed yield stability. Line G11 (RGS003) with 2155 kg ha-1 was identified as low yielding with low seed yield stability. Generally, grouping of spring rapeseed lines based on genotype × environment interaction using GGE biplot analysis is a useful approach for selection and releasing of spring rapeseed cultivars with high seed yield potential and yield stability for target environments.